Plastic composition materials and products made therefrom



Oct. 17, 1950 M. cRocE 2,526,066

PLASTIC COMPOSITION MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS MADE THEREFROM OriginalvFiled Nov. 15, 1943 @www if@ O.

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Patented oct. 1v, 195o UNITED STAT-Es PATENT oF FICE 2 PLAs'ric coMr/o'srrIpN MATERIALS vAND PRoDUCTs MADE 'rHEREFRoM Michele Croce, Evanston, Ill., assigner to Certain- Teed llroducts Corporation, Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Maryland Continuation of application Serial No. 510,365,

This application August 7, 1946, Serial No. 688,843. vIn Canada .Septem- November 15, 1943.

ber 8, 1944 5 Claims. (Cl. 106-110) structive fire, the heat'in due time causes the plaster to contract in volume so as to produce cracks in the plaster, with a tendency for the plaster to break u p and fall off the wall. My invention has for one of its objects to provide an ing the plaster for use in the core of a wallboard, in one embodiment, or vfor application by any improved form of composition material for formapproved plastering method for the formation of la Wall, in an alternative embodiment, so that by the use of. such improved form of composition material a layer of dried plaster formed therefrom shallf-be afforded greatly increased resistance to the tendency for cracks to open up in the layer-when it is subjected to heat. To this end, it 'is one of the objects of the invention to provide an improved composition of materials for a plaster either for the formation of a wallboard or for the production of a plastered wall, comprising a non-combustible ingredient such as comm-inuted raw vermiculite in unexpanded form thoroughly 'distributed through a layer of dried plaster made lfrom the composition and adapted under the influence of heat when the layer of plaster isattacked by -a nre to vexpand so as to` compensate for the contraction ofthe gypsum or Votherfingredients"of .thedried plaster and thus protect the'layer of plaster against distortion and maintain it intact to act as a barrier for preventing progress of the`re.

It is another object of my invention to-provide, in a composition for making plaster of this type, means adapted to hold adjacent portions of the dried plaster together so as to minimize the disrupting effect produced by the contraction of one particle or the lexpansion of an adjacent particle under the influence of heat. For this purpose, I

Y kcept for theexpansion of the vermiculite content y Fig. l is a vertical `cross-sectional viewthrough a piece of wallboard embodying my invention;

and Fig. 2 isa vertical crosssectional'view through a portion of a wall plastered at one face with my improved plaster.

This application is being filed asa ycontinuation of my earlier application Serial No. 510,365, led

on November 15, 1943, which earlier `application became abandoned on September 30, 1947.

In Fig. `1 of the drawing, a wallboard 5, onehalf inch thick is shown, comprising' a'set and dried body portion v6 formed of -my improved composition as hereinafter described,`such composition having calcined -gypsum as its principal ingredient, withy -paper liners I and 8 bonded to opposite faces of the body portion.

n In Fig ..2, I have shown my improved plaster in dried condition on a wall comprising studdings 9, with rmetal lath I-0 secured thereon so as to carry a plaster facing portion I I formed of my -improved composition `and applied in any suitable manner and dried in position on the lath. This plaster facing Il as illustratedis formedA with comparatively little or no'sand and expands only slightly if atall under the influence of heat exbyexfoliation. vg In the preferred embodiment of my invention,-

as embodied either in the wallboard panel of'Fig.

1 or the stationary panel 'of Fig. 2, the composiv tion which with water makes up thebody portion 6 of the wallboard 5 as shown in Fig. 1 and the plaster facing Il of the Wall as shown-in Fig. V2,

comprises abcut'2% by weight of fibrous material, from about 21/2% to '7l/2% of minus 28 meshcommercial gradingvraw or unexpanded vermicu- Table No.1 f

No. l No. 2A No. 3 No. 4

Calcined Gypsum; "com- Per cent Per cent Per cent Per ce'rtt mercial grade 90. 5 V94. 5 Glass Wool V1 1 None Asbestos fibresT 1 l 1 1 2 Minus 28 mesh unex- .Y y Y Y.

panded vermiculite 3 .v Y *5 217.5, A 3.5

Substantial amounts of wallboard of one-half 5 inch nominal thickness have been made up with body portions comprising respectively the-ingredi- E ents of the four mixtures set forth in this Table No. I, mixed With water in the usual manner, formed between the usual paper liners bonded thereto, and dried, the usual amount of starch adhesive to obtain bond of paper to coreV and a small volume of soap foam or lather to reduce weight being incorporated in the wet plaster mixture. I have found that such board can be made up readily on a conventional board machine equipped with suitable material-feeding means and can be dried Vin the ordinary kilns without danger that expansion of the vermiculite will be effected by the drying operation, the comminuted raw vermiculite going through the board machine and the drier without any complications, the same as sawdust or other fillers in use heretofore. A series f re tests have been carried out at the Underwriters Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois, on 2" x 4 Wood stud load-bearingV partitions faced with these half-inch boards produced by the use of my improved mixtures, said nre tests being conducted according to Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, A. S. T. M. designation C19-41. The re tests of my improved boards in comparison with similar tests of ordinary high-grade half-inch boards not embodying my improvements, show for the improved boards substantially improved results, demonstrating that 2 x 4 wood stud load-bearing partitions faced with the boards employing the mixtures as shoWn in the table and including the raw, unexpanded vermiculite as specified in the table are entitled to fire endurance ratings of from 45 to 5l minutes, as compared with a re endurance rating of from 35 to 40 minutes for 2" x 4 wood stud load-bearing partitions faced With ordinary high-grade half-inch board in which no expansible mineral of the vermiculite group is present. This is, of course, of utmost importance commercially for enabling the manufacturer to meet the requirements for fire resistance walls. v

In the above-mentioned re tests of my improved. boards, the contraction of the gypsum content brought about by the influence of the heat applied to the faces of the partitions was vaccompanied by an expansion of the raw vermiculite by exfoliation which compensated for and offset the contraction of the gypsum. In these re tests, the expansion of the vermiculite and the contraction of the gypsum in the board took place at so nearly the same time that there was little or no tendency for the board to crack or open up due to shrinkage. At the same time, any tendency for displacement or disarrangement of the particles ofthe body material of the boards by reason of the-.contraction Yand expansion of the different ingredients was opposed by the mechanical bonding or matting effect of the particles of non-combustible fibrous material distributed throughout the mixture. The result was that the board, with the fibre and unexpanded vermiculitel distributed thoroughly through the gypsum, was prevented from disruptingA and disintegrating and was enabled to hold its form intact without serious cracks vor breaks for a considerably longer period than can be expected in similar re tests of Yboards from which the unexpanded vermiculite and vthe brehave been omitted.

When raw or unexpanded vermiculite is in- 500 F. is well in excess of anyv temperature to which any of the ingredients of a wallboard are Anormally raised during the formation and the drying of the board, it will be appreciated that the vermiculite content of such board will normally be maintained in its unexpanded condition up to the time when the board is attacked by a destructive re. Studies made by authoritative sources have shown that fires of normal severity develop temperatures of 1000 Fin about five minutes. The heat developed in a building fire attacking a wall embodying my improvements, therefore, is normally sulicient for bringing about substantial expansion of the raw vermiculite contained in the wallboard or other layer of plaster forming the facing of the wall, Asuch expansion of the vermiculite taking place inv theV layer of plaster at the same time when the contraction of the gypsum is beingv effected and before the heat has been built up to the point where the complete destruction of the layer of plaster takes place. The destruction of the layer of. plaster is thus delayed substantially, the resistance to the progress of the re being thus substantially increased.

I have found satisfactory results in the use of high-grade vermiculite such as that found in the Libby, Montana, deposit, and prefer to employ such mineral, but I do not desire to limit the invention thereto, except as it may be specifically claimed, since there are other minerals of the vermiculite group which can be used to advantage, such as jeierisite, kerrite and philadelphite. It will be understood that any of these minerals may be used effectively in a board, provided such mineral, when used within proper limits as to the amount employed, and when ground to the proper neness for mixture with the other ingredients, is found to expand suciently in a re to offset to a large extent at least the contraction of the gypsum or other body material of the board.

The amount of the expansible mineral to be employed is preferably controlled by reference to its capacity to expand. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the use of the vermiculite group of minerals, there is a substantial variation in the expansiveness of vermiculite from different mines and even a substantial variation in the expansiveness of different batches of the mineral taken from different parts ofthe s ame mine. In the use of this type of, material, vaccordingly, in the manufacture of plaster or wallboard or in any case where the capacity to expand by exfoliation when heated is important, a more or less continuous check should be made as to theeffectiveness of the mineral for expanding,

the amount of the mineral used being changed preferably from time to time for maintaining the desired total amount of expansion. Generally speaking, when it has been determined that a particular lot of vermiculite is adapted to expand only one half or one third as much as a different lot, it will be found necessary to use twice as much or three times as much of the less expansible mineral for obtaining the same results with respect to expansion.

As showing the variation in the volume expansion of different samples of vermiculite from the same mine, three specimens of Libby, Montana, vermiculite, all ground so as to pass through a 35 mesh. screen and to be retained on a 48 mesh screen, showed different percentages of expansion under similar conditions. For one specimen the percentage of volume expansion by exfoliaa'szaoee tion when heated was 320%, for a. second specimen 391%, and for the third specimen 367%, which is typical of the differences to be expected.

As showing the variation in the expansion of Specimens of vermiculite from different mines, three specimens of Libby, Montana, vermiculite showed an average expansion of about 359%, as above specified, while three specimens of Encampment, Wyoming, vermiculite under similar conditions as to neness of grind and other facters of treatment, showed an average expansion o'f about 161%. A similar sample from a South Carolina 'mine expanded 298%. l

With respect to the fineness of the grind, or particle si-Ze, of the vermiculite type of mineral used, I have found that the percent expansion when heated decreases as the average particle ,size 4is decreased. This is demonstrated in Table No. II which shows the variation in expansion under high heat of several screen sizes of raw Libby, Mentana, vermiculite, based on three samples of each classication of the mineral.

Table No. II

In the development of the data above set forth, 3 c. c. of the vermiculite were in each instance measured in a graduated glass centrifugal cyl'- inder of c, c. capacity, and then transferred to a porcelain crucible of about 1"?1/2 c. e. capacity. The crueible and contents were then placed in the full heat of aMeker C type gas burner .using the medium orifice and heated for one minute,

after vwhich the contents were stirred vfor 15 seconds by means'of a small steel rod while the heating Was continued. The heat was then applied for an yadditional 3% minutes, after Which the vermiculite was cooled and then'returned to the graduated centrifugal cylinder. In each case thefvolume ofmaterial Was read after tapping the bottom of the cylinder on a laboratory bench three times by dropping the cylinder from av height of one inch for settling the particles.

By the use of my invention for the production of Wallboard, a gypsum board of normal appearance and having substantially the same physical properties Vas otherv high-grade products of the same type, and having the mineral of the vermieulite group and th-e small amount of fibre mixed thoroughly throughout the body material, may be Inadeon the usual board machine provided with the necessary material feeding equipment. The

expansible mineral is not expensive, and the op' ci distortion Vse as to llengthen substanf regular 1/2 gypsum board.

d tially the period preceding the complete breakdown of the board structure. After the vermicu= lite has expanded, it is a good heat insulating material and increases the resistance of the board to the passage of heat' in proportion to the amount added. I have found that where an excess of the vermiculite is employed beyond that necessary for offsetting the contraction of the gypsum or other body material of the board, the thickness of the board core or plaster layer is increased somewhat by reason of the expansion of the vermiculite under the influence of the heat of the fire, serving thus to afford increased insulation against the passage of the heat through the board or plaster. If this excess of vermiculite is fairly small, the increased insulation ei'ect may be had without any radical increase in the tendency of the board orplaster to v go to pieces as the heat ofthe fire builds up.

Seven fire tests have been made on 2 x 4 wood stud partitions faced with my improved 1/2 gypsum board of six different formulations con` taining raw vermiculite andV non-combustible fibre in comparison With a partition faced .with

board gave the partitions usingthe improved gypsum including the vermiculite and the nbre greater fire protection than the partition using the ordinary gypsum board. To show the 'eect of Various amounts of raw vermiculite inA these core materials, gypsum boards of nominal haliinch thickness of various formulations were proof dry ingredients used .in making Ythe slurry from which thev board core Was formed. The vermiculite used .was all of the same quality.

Table No. III

. 1 Change in Thickness Bd Ng' Raw V ermiculite Inches Percent 31/% ofminus 28 mesh minus 0. 006.. minus l. 3. 5% of minus 28 mesh plus O. 015." plus 3. 34. 7 of minus 28 mesh plus 0. 086 plus 19. l. 5% of m1nus-35 mesh.. minusc. 093. kminus 0.67. 7% of minus 35 mesh plus 0. 059 plus 13. l. v 10% of minus 35 mesh. plus 0. 071.-. plus 17. 4. None minus 0. 030 minus 6. 7.

Expansion of the board core or plaster layer When exposed to iire is actually beneficial as regards nre resistance, provided the amount of expansion is not so great as to cause bulging of the board or plaster layer to such degree that it cracks and opens up or falls oif in sections. If it remains in place to serve as a barrier to the passage of heat and ame, the increased thern mal insulating value resulting from the increased thickness ci the expanded `board core or plaster layer `offers additional resistance to temperature rise on the side opposite the fire.

The increased thermaly insulating value resulting from the increased thickness was demonstrate In all such nretests,Y

ed by additional tests. A series of 6 x 6" samples take from the same boards 7, 1, 2 and 3 listed in Table III were placed in a horizontal position at a definite height above a Meker C type gas burner and exposed to the action of the flame under carefully controlled conditions of gas pressure. The time required for the paper on the top (unexposed) side of' each sample to char was recorded. The thickness of the core before and after heating was also measured and the change in thickness was recorded. Results are shown in Table IV.

I have had very satisfactory results by the use of Libby, Montana, vermiculite from the mine of the Universal Zonolite Company, using such vermiculite comminuted to either minus 28 mesh commercial grading or minus 35 mesh commercial grading and employing from 31/2% to 10% of such vermiculite based on the weight of the mixture.

I have also had very satisfactory results by the use of 2% of bre, either 2% of asbestos nbre or 1% of asbestos nbre and 1% of glass wool fibre. I have found the asbestos iibre more satisfactory with respect to controlling and feeding the ibre into the mixture.

Results of typical screen tests of the comminuted raw vermiculite as used by me and designated as minus 28 mesh commercial grading and minus 35 mesh commercial grading are shown as follows:

Table No. v

'I have also found that the amount of fibre required depends to a considerable extent upon the length and thickness of the individual fibres and upon their ability to withstand mechanical mixing and handling Without excessive reduction in length. With very long, tough fibres, I have found that 1% is suflicient in most cases, while with shorter iibres as much as 5% to 10% may be required. One of the principal functions of the bre is to prevent spalling of the plaster as the raw vermiculite particles expand when the plaster is exposed to fire. Without any nbre present the plaster spalls and disintegrates as calcination progresses and expansion of the raw 'vermiculite particles occurs under the influence of heat. Suicient fibre should be used to prevent such spalling and to bind the calcined board core or other plaster layer together.

In actual practice, I have found that a grade of asbestos designated as 5-R is suitable and economical for the purpose. This asbestos fibre is of medium length and is economical in cost. Results of a typical screen test of this fibre, using a 50 gram sample and 8 inch diameter nested screens shaken on a Ro-tap machine for 15 minutes were as follows:

Table No. VI

Per cent Retained on 8 mesh 11.7 Through 8 mesh and retained on 28 mesh 53.3 Through 28 mesh and retained on 48 mesh 13.2 Through 48 mesh 21.8

Longer iibred asbestos is more effective on an equal weight basis, but the cost per pound is also higher.

TV1/lfIl bulk glass wool manufactured by the Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation is a satisfactory grade of glass wool for the purpose. Rock wool may be used but it is more dicult to disperse in the mixture and is not as eifective as the glass wool on an equal weight basis.

In making the various gypsum boards, containing unexpanded vermiculite and bre as shown in Table No. III, about 1% bonding starch was used in the core mixture. In making the boards, 100 parts of dry ingredients were mixed with about parts of water to make a moldable slurry to which a sufficient quantity of soap foam or lather was added to produce dry board of -onehalf inch thickness weighing from 2 to 2.3 lbs. per square foot. The slurry was molded between cover sheets and when the core had set the board was dried in the usual manner in a conventional wall-board drier.

In connection with the form of my improved panel as shown in Fig. 1, the cover sheets of paper function in the same way as they do in connection with the ordinary wallboard, serving to protect the plaster body and to give the product strength during the formation of the board on the board machine and to give the board the desired strength and stiffness in position on a wall. Such cover sheets are not relied upon, however, for affording any protection against re, since the cover sheet at the face of the board at which the re attacks is very soon burned away So as to give the re direct access to the face of the body material of the panel. After the cover sheet is burned away, the plaster slab alone is relied upon to maintain its form without cracks and without warping such as might permit the nre to force its way through the wall.

It will be understood that it is highly important that when my improved plaster panel is attacked by a fire at one face only of the panel, such face of the panel shall be protected effectively against either contracting or expanding. If the attacked face of the board of Fig. 1 contracts greatly as compared with the opposite face of the board, the board will be caused to warp so as to present a concaved face toward the nre. If the attacked face should expand substantially as compared with the opposite face, the board would warp in the opposite direction so as to present a convex face toward the re. In the event of such warping in either direction, a very strong pressure is applied on the side margins of the board edgewise of the board serving to force such margin portions loose from the securing means by which they are held on, their warping of the board such as might break the joints between adjacent panels. The period of time, thus, during which this stii self-sustained -board is elective for protecting against the ad- Vance of a re is very substantially increased.

The use of Ymy invention in connection with a plaster wall as shown in Fig, 2 is of substantially the samev importance as in connection with a wallboard. When a fire vattacks the face of a wall lsuch as is shown in Fig. 2, in which there are no paper liners employed, any substantial amount of warping of the plaster panelwould vhave a marked tendency to vopen up cracks between portions ofthe wall face, so as to permit the re to advance through such cracks, or so as to cause fragments of the face material to become dislodged as the initial step in a speedy breakdown of the wall as a whole.

When a iire attacks a wall having a face made principally of gypsum without any vermiculite dispersed therethrough so as to cause the face .of the board toward the re to contract, or, alternatively, made principally of gypsum with too great a proportion of vermiculite dispersed therethrough so as to cause the face of the board toward the re to Aexpand substantially as compared with the opposite face of the board, in either case the Yface of the wall is broken up into separated pieces so as to destroy the effectiveness of the wall for stopping the advance f a i'lre long before the separate pieces have been greatly weakened in strength or stiffness, the failure beingdue to the breaking up of the wall as a whole rather than to the destruction or weakening of the separate pieces of the panel.

My improved gypsum wallboard is comparable in every important respect with other high-grade gypsum wallboards on the market. In the iire tests conducted at Underwriters Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois, according to Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, A. S. T. M. designation C19-41, on wood studded, load 'bearing partitions faced on each i side with one thickness of such board, the partitions received a re resistance rating of at least 45 minutes in each instance. A minimum iire resistance rating of 45 minutes is required. in F. H. A. regulations for certain types of partitions in rental housing projects. Wood studded partitions faced on each side with one layer of regular 1/2`gypsum board have failed to meet this requirement.V It is evident, therefore, that 1/2 gypsum board having a core made according to my invention serves a definite need and has a denite advantage over conventional 1/2 board.

When using a lower grade of vermiculite, or some other mineral of the vermiculite group not adapted to have so great expansion as high-grade vermiculite, I would expect to use an increased amount of such lower grade mineral, or would` increase the particle size of such low grade min eral, so as to insure that the amount of the expansion of the mineral ofthe vermiculite group,

would, when the gypsum'board is subjected to heat, approach closesly to the amount of expansion which would be obtained with the lesser amounts of high-grade raw vermiculite as-speciffied.

-When my improved plaster is` to be applied by ordinary wall v'plastering methods, the proportions of the vermiculite and bre may be about the same as Vare specified above in connection with wallboard, or the amount of the vermiculite and fibre may besubstantially increased so as to obtainfan increased insulating effect. The use of the increased amount of vermiculite and bre is possible in the plastered wall by reason of the fact that the 'lath in such wall provides more secure structural support for the plaster.

The mineral of the vermiculite group and the ibre may be mixed with the gypsum or other body material either at the time of manufacture of the plaster or at any other'time prior to the application of the cementitious mixture tothe wall.` YSuch plaster Von the wall maybefcovered by a white coat of any suitable type as well known in the art, or it may be covered by a special white coat having mineral of the vermiculite group incorporated therewith, and with preferably a small amount of non-combustible nbre as indicated above.

The subject matter of applicants earlier application, Serial No. 510,365, was covered by an application in Canada, Serial No. 518,157, filed September 8, 1944.

I claim:

l. A plastic composition comprising comminuted calcined gypsum adapted to set when mixed with water, high-grade comminuted vermiculite of about minus 28` mesh commercial grading adapted to expand by exfoliation upon the application of heat thereto and used in an. amount in the range between 31/2% and '7 1/2% of the weight of the mixture, and non-combustible fibrous material dispersed through the mixture and constituting by weight in the range between 1% and 10% of the composition, the gypsum content in said mixture constituting a quantity suficient with said mineral and said fibrous material to substantially complete the content of the mixture. A

2. A plastic composition mixture comprising comminuted calcined gypsum adapted to set when mixed with water, a mineral of the vermiculite group in comminuted form capable o f being expanded by exfoliation by the application of heat thereto, and non-combustible brous material dispersed through the mixture and constituting by weight in the range between 1% and 10% of the composition, the degree of comminution of the mineral of the vermiculite group and the grade and amount of such mineral used being such that when the cast made from such mixture is heated to a high temperature the expansible mineral in the cast shall have about the same total amount of expansion as would 31/2% to 7`1/ oi high-grade vermiculite of minus 28 mesh commercial grading, the gypsum content in `said mixture constituting a quantity sufficient with said mineral and said brous material to substantially complete the 100% content of the mixture.

3. A stii self-sustaining panel adapted for use as the outer structural layer of a wall structure and in the form of a body member comprising about 93% of set calcined gypsum as the major ingredient, about 2% by weight of asbestos fibres; and about :5% by weight of high-grade comminuted Vermiculite in its unexpanded form and of a particle size of about minus 28 mesh commercial grading, said bres and said comminuted mineral being dispersed through the body.

4. A stiff self-sustaining panel adapted for use as the outer structural layer of a Wall structure and in the form of a body member comprising set calcined gypsum as the major ingredient, from 1% to 10% by Weight of non-combustible bres dispersed through the body, and about 31/2% to 71/2% of high-grade comminuted Vermiculite in its unexpanded form and of aboutminus 28 mesh commercial grading dispersed through the body, the gypsum content in said mixture constitutng a quantity sufficient with said vermieulite and said bres to substantially complete the 100% content of the mixture.

5. A Stiff self-sustaining panel adapted for use as the outer structural layer of a Wall structure and in the form of a body member comprising set calcined gypsum as the major ingredient,

12 from 1 to 10% by Weight of non-combustible bres dispersed through the body, and about 5% to 10% of high-grade comminuted vermiculite in its unexpanded form and of about minus 35 mesh commercial grading dispersed through the body, the gypsum content in said mixture constituting a quantity sufcient with said vermieulite and said fibres to substantially complete the 100% content of the mixture.

MICHELE CROCE.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,702,965 Haggerty Feb. 19, 1929 1,890,674 Delaney Dec. 13, 1932 2,009,146 New July 23, 1935 2,060,295 Finefrock et al. Nov. 10, 1936 2,090,480 Hawley Aug. 17, 1937 

1. A PLASTIC COMPOSITON COMPRISING COMMINUTED CALCINED GYPSUM ADAPTED TO SET WHEN MIXED WITH WATER, HIGH-GRADE COMMINUTED VERMICULITE OF ABOUT MINUS 28 MESH COMMERCIAL GRADING ADAPTED TO EXPAND BY EXFOLIATION UPON THE APPLICATION OF HEAT THERETO AND USED IN AN AMOUNT IN THE RANGE BETWEEN 3 1/2% AND 7 1/2% OF THE WEIGHT OF THE MIXTURE, AND NON-COMBUSTIBLE FIBROUS MATERIAL DISPERSED THROUGH THE MIXTURE AND CONSTITUTING BY WEIGHTIN THE RANGE BETWEEN 1% AND 10% OF THE COMPOSITION, THE GYPSUM CONTENT IN SAID MIXTURE CONSTITUTING A UANTITY SUFFICIENT WITH SAID MINERAL AND SAID FIBROUS MATERIAL TO SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLETE THE 100% CONTENT OF THE MIXTURE. 